Eastern Europe-"Political and Economic Developments"

Consequently, the historical developments of these nations allow at first be discussed separately. Their current policy-making and economic institutions will then be compared and contrasted. This analysis will begin with the growth and development of easternmost Germany.

The German parliamentary land came into existence as a successor read to the former Soviet zone of occupation, closely following the Soviet model of political and economic organization. This came about once the westbound powers demonstrated their use to create an independent German state in the western region. The aims of Soviet policy following World War II were diametrically opposed to the west. Originally, the creation of an vitamin E German state had not been the preference of Josef Stalin because it appeared to him to be more important to put one across direct access to the economy of the whole Germany. But the arrangement of an independent West Germany changed Soviet policy. It became more effective for Stalin's interests to commit a counter-state in Germany. Thus, East Germany was born (Reich, 1966, p. 19).

The German Democratic Republic, with a territory of 108,178 square kilometers in 1989, was right in the center of Europe. To the north its border was the Baltic Sea, to the east Poland, to the southeasterly Czechoslovakia and to the west the Federal German Republic. More than 1,300 kilometers of East Germany border with West Germany, and 160 kilometers bordered with Wes

Since the area of Bulgaria was close to Constantinople, the center of the Ottoman Empire at the prison term, it was the first region to be conquered by, and the last to be released by, the Turks. A number of Bulgarian revolutionaries seeking independence from the Turks were educated end-to-end the 1800s in Tsarist Russia. They attempted a number of build up revolts against the Turks, the last one in 1876, but each time were handily defeated by the Turkish army. Following a particularly brutal massacre by the Turks in 1876, hostile world powers, especially Russia, intervened on Bulgaria's behalf. As a result, Bulgaria was at last liberated from the Turks in 1878 by the San Stefano Treaty and established as an independent Balkan nation (Dobrin, 1973, pp. 3-4).

On top of its slow start, the East German economy suffered from the economic policies that the German Democratic Republic pursued in the 1950s and never really abandoned, disrespect some half-hearted attempts to reform the economic system. The primary thrust of East German economic planning was toward centralization, intended to produce economies of shield and put all production under the control of the state. By 1989, only about 2% of East Germany's Gross discipline Product was produced privately, and even that was primarily limited to handicrafts and small shops. or so all economic activity was directed by presidential term ministries according to cardinal-year economic development plans coinciding with the meetings of the Party Congresses. The five year plans were drawn up by the Party, Council of Ministers and State plan Commission and covered just about every scenery of East German industrial production. Annual growth targets were nail down for every economic sector and even individualized industries. for each one factory had its owm targets to fulfill (Smyser, 1990, pp. 160-162).

t Berlin. There were roughly 20 million inhabitants of East Germany in the 1980s, with a population tautness of about 160 inhabitants per square k
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